TY - JOUR ID - TI - The role of Retinal governance in achieving development دور الحوكمة الرشيدة في تحقيق التنمية AU - Alyaah Hussein Khalaf / Sanaa Hussein Khalaf / Alaa Ahmed Abd علياء حسين خلف الزركوش / سناء حسين خلف الزركوش / الاء أحمد عبد PY - 2017 VL - 13 IS - 69 SP - 362 EP - 386 JO - Al-Fatih journal مجلة الفتح SN - 87521996 AB - The effectiveness of governance in the economic activities and events and management, especially after the economic crisis and financial collapse that occurred in the world and which was based on The effectiveness of governance in the economic activities and events and management, especially after the economic crisis and financial collapse that occurred in the world and which was based on corporate governance at the exit from the crisis they faced, as it turned out that most of the crises and collapses were due to the spread of the phenomenon of corruption, lack of accountability and lack of transparency and a reduction in efficiency and effectiveness, as well as failure to respond to the needs of citizens, not to mention the lack of compliance with laws and these are all manifestations reflect the absence of corporate governance principles and that their lack of a situation arises deprivation and lack of public services efficiently and cost of suitable and then leads to a reduction of poverty and human development indicators and illiteracy increase on the health and environmental degradation True concept of good governance on the interaction range of factors and mechanisms that result in the best way to manage the state Public policy of the state went through the general national goals, laws and regulations and legislative guidelines, strategic plans and regulatory bodies, and so is the governance of the principle of good disposition on all interfaces in terms of resources and the elimination corruption and preserve the country's wealth of any act in a rational manner is governed by transparency in the natural and human resources of the country and in its relationship to the outer ocean, and in the light of the foregoing constitutes good governance need to be including in this transitional phase through which Iraq . According to the research problem that the absence of good governance leads to lower rates of development and the low level of well-being, the research aims to develop the determinants of good governance in order to access development and sustainability. Presumably the research that for good governance impact on the achievement of development, and then the analytical method adopted in the selection hypothesis and achieve its objectives, was a plan to search through Tksmah on three topics mode, the first section addressed the conceptual framework for good governance, addressing the second topic of good governance (analysis of opportunities and the challenges in Iraq), the third section dealt with access to good governance under development benefits in Iraq, and focused research sample on governance applications in Iraq, focus, and search tools has been the use of books and research sites and the net, as well as reports and the national plan .autam reach a group of the conclusions of the most important experience limited State in partnerships public and private sectors, and the lack of readiness of government sectors to deal effectively with the private sector, as well as the absence of legislative and legal framework governing the partnership between the two sectors (public and private), a marked weakness in the will for change that lead to delays in the process transformation according to the e-government model and the associated technical, inter alia, the need for large investments to secure information technology, or may be due to the digital divide (which has a link by obstacles educational, economic and regulatory), the delay in the use of the banking system of the mechanisms of electronic payment, as well as inflation in the administrative apparatus and the duplication roles and tasks .ujae Find a set of recommendations which, to strengthen the institutional capacity of the state through the provision of economic And the fight against corruption and enhance the effectiveness of accountability and this is done by having rules and regulations, and to require all state agencies disclosure and transparency, and display its output on public standards as a first objective, which seeks to serve all of the devices, and human capacity building through orientated performance training, and develop a comprehensive update of the service systems program civil, and coordination with the training and development centers in universities, as well as electronic publishing awareness among the citizens and the business sector and civil society organizations, namely the activation of cooperation between the Iraqi universities, and the need to hold regular workshops and scientific seminars competent in the field of e-governance, which contributes to the strengthening of the visions and ideas of the scientific academic system Iraqi . corporate governance at the exit from the crisis they faced, as it turned out that most of the crises and collapses were due to the spread of the phenomenon of corruption, lack of accountability and lack of transparency and a reduction in efficiency and effectiveness, as well as failure to respond to the needs of citizens, not to mention the lack of compliance with laws and these are all manifestations reflect the absence of corporate governance principles and that their lack of a situation arises deprivation and lack of public services efficiently and cost of suitable and then leads to a reduction of poverty and human development indicators and illiteracy increase on the health and environmental degradation True concept of good governance on the interaction range of factors and mechanisms that result in the best way to manage the state Public policy of the state went through the general national goals, laws and regulations and legislative guidelines, strategic plans and regulatory bodies, and so is the governance of the principle of good disposition on all interfaces in terms of resources and the elimination corruption and preserve the country's wealth of any act in a rational manner is governed by transparency in the natural and human resources of the country and in its relationship to the outer ocean, and in the light of the foregoing constitutes good governance need to be including in this transitional phase through which Iraq . According to the research problem that the absence of good governance leads to lower rates of development and the low level of well-being, the research aims to develop the determinants of good governance in order to access development and sustainability. Presumably the research that for good governance impact on the achievement of development, and then the analytical method adopted in the selection hypothesis and achieve its objectives, was a plan to search through Tksmah on three topics mode, the first section addressed the conceptual framework for good governance, addressing the second topic of good governance (analysis of opportunities and the challenges in Iraq), the third section dealt with access to good governance under development benefits in Iraq, and focused research sample on governance applications in Iraq, focus, and search tools has been the use of books and research sites and the net, as well as reports and the national plan .autam reach a group of the conclusions of the most important experience limited State in partnerships public and private sectors, and the lack of readiness of government sectors to deal effectively with the private sector, as well as the absence of legislative and legal framework governing the partnership between the two sectors (public and private), a marked weakness in the will for change that lead to delays in the process transformation according to the e-government model and the associated technical, inter alia, the need for large investments to secure information technology, or may be due to the digital divide (which has a link by obstacles educational, economic and regulatory), the delay in the use of the banking system of the mechanisms of electronic payment, as well as inflation in the administrative apparatus and the duplication roles and tasks .ujae Find a set of recommendations which, to strengthen the institutional capacity of the state through the provision of economic And the fight against corruption and enhance the effectiveness of accountability and this is done by having rules and regulations, and to require all state agencies disclosure and transparency, and display its output on public standards as a first objective, which seeks to serve all of the devices, and human capacity building through orientated performance training, and develop a comprehensive update of the service systems program civil, and coordination with the training and development centers in universities, as well as electronic publishing awareness among the citizens and the business sector and civil society organizations, namely the activation of cooperation between the Iraqi universities, and the need to hold regular workshops and scientific seminars competent in the field of e-governance, which contributes to the strengthening of the visions and ideas of the scientific academic system Iraqi .

تعد قدرة فاعلية الحوكمة في إدارة النشاطات والفعاليات الاقتصادية ولا سيما بعد الأزمات الاقتصادية والانهيارات المالية التي حدثت في العالم والتي استندت إلى الحوكمة في الخروج من الأزمات التي واجهتها ،إذ اتضح أن أغلب الأزمات والانهيارات كانت بفعل انتشار ظاهرة الفساد وغياب المساءلة وانعدام الشفافية وانخفاض الكفاءة والفاعلية ، فضلاً عن عدم الاستجابة لاحتياجات المواطنين ناهيك عن عدم الالتزام بالقوانين وهذه كلها مظاهر تعكس غياب مبادئ الحوكمة والتي بفقدانها نشأت حالة الحرمان والافتقار إلى الخدمات العامة بشكل كفوء وتكلفة مناسبة وهو مما يؤدي إلى انخفاض مؤشرات التنمية البشرية المرتبطة بالفقر والأمية فضلاً عن التدهور الصحي والبيئي . ويصدق مفهوم الحوكمة الرشيدة على تفاعل مجموعة من العوامل والآليات التي تؤدي الأسلوب الأمثل لإدارة الدولة فالسياسة العامة للدولة توجه من خلال الأهداف الوطنية العامة ، والقوانين والأنظمة والإرشادات التشريعية ، والخطط الإستراتيجية والهيئات الرقابية ، وبذلك تتمثل الحوكمة في مبدأ حسن التصرف على جميع الواجهات من حيث الموارد والقضاء على الفساد والمحافظة على ثروات البلاد أي التصرف بطريقة رشيدة تحكمها الشفافية في موارد البلاد الطبيعية والبشرية وفي علاقتها بالمحيط الخارجي ، وفي ضوء ما تقدم تشكل الحوكمة الرشيدة ضرورة لابد منها في هذه المرحلة الانتقالية التي يمر بها العراق . وتشير مشكلة البحث إلى أن غياب الحوكمة الرشيدة يؤدي إلى تدني معدلات التنمية وانخفاض مستوى الرفاهية ، ويهدف البحث إلى تطوير محددات الحوكمة الرشيدة من أجل الوصول إلى التنمية واستدامتها . ويفترض البحث أن للحوكمة الرشيدة أثراً في تحقيق التنمية ، ومن ثم اعتمد المنهج التحليلي في اختيار فرضية البحث وتحقيق أهدافه ،وتم وضع خطة للبحث من خلال تقسميه على ثلاثة مباحث ، أما المبحث الأول فقد تناول الإطار ألمفاهيمي للحوكمة الرشيدة، وتناول المبحث الثاني الحوكمة الرشيدة (تحليل الفرص والتحديات في العراق)، وتناول المبحث الثالث الوصول إلى الحوكمة الرشيدة في ظل استحقاقات التنمية في العراق، وأنصب تركيز عينة البحث على تطبيقات الحوكمة في العراق ، أما أدوات البحث فقد تم استعمال الكتب والبحوث ومواقع النت ، فضلاً عن التقارير والخطة الوطنية .وتم التوصل إلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات من أهمها التجربة المحدودة للدولة في شراكات القطاعين العام والخاص ، وعدم جاهزية القطاعات الحكومية للتعامل بفاعلية مع القطاع الخاص ، فضلاً عن غياب الإطار التشريعي والقانوني الذي ينظم الشراكة بين القطاعين (العام والخاص) ،وضعف ملحوظ في إرادة التغيير التي تؤدي إلى التأخر في عملية التحول وفق نموذج الحكومة الالكترونية وهذا يرتبط بأمور فنية منها الاحتياج إلى استثمارات كبيرة لتأمين تقانة المعلومات ، أو قد يعود إلى الفجوة الرقمية (والذي له ارتباط بعوائق تعليمية واقتصادية وتنظيمية)،تأخر استعمال النظام المصرفي لآليات الدفع الالكتروني ، فضلاً عن التضخم في الجهاز الإداري وازدواجية الأدوار والمهام .وجاء البحث بمجموعة من التوصيات منها ،تعزيز القدرات المؤسسية للدولة من خلال تأمين السياسيات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي تمكن من تطبيق برامجها التنموية ، ومكافحة الفساد وتعزيز فاعلية الخضوع للمساءلة ويتم ذلك من خلال وجود قواعد وتشريعات ، وإلزام كافة أجهزة الدولة بمعايير الإفصاح والشفافية وعرض مخرجات عملها على الجمهور بوصفه الهدف الأول الذي تسعى لخدمته كافة الأجهزة، وبناء القدرات البشرية من خلال التدريب الموجه بالأداء ، ووضع برنامج تحديث شامل لأنظمة الخدمة المدنية، والتنسيق مع مراكز التدريب والتطوير في الجامعات ، فضلاً عن نشر الوعي الالكتروني لدى المواطنين وقطاع الأعمال ومنظمات المجتمع المدني ،أي تفعيل التعاون بين الجامعات العراقية، وضرورة عقد ورش دورية وندوات علمية مختصة في مجال الحوكمة الالكترونية التي تسهم بتعزيز الرؤى والأفكار لدى المنظومة العلمية الأكاديمية العراقية. ER -