@Article{, title={Co-Infections Bacterial and Human Parainfluenza Virus of The Upper Respiratory Tract at Children in Kirkuk City}, author={Jilan A. Shakoor and Najdat B. Mahdi and Najat A. Zaman}, journal={The Medical Journal of Tikrit University المجلة الطبية لجامعة تكريت}, volume={25}, number={2}, pages={102-111}, year={2019}, abstract={ABSTRACTBackground: Upper respiratory tract co-infection including (nose, mouth,pharynx and throat) originated from colonization bacteria , viruses and fungiepithelial layer lining the upper respiratory tract.The aim: To determine the pathogens ( bacteria and virus) common in the upperrespiratory co-infection.Materials & Method: the study covered children aged ( 5months to 12years)which has upper respiratory tract co-infection detection the pathogens causinginfections through a series of diagnostic tests. .Using characteristics , microscope examination and biochemical test for diagnosisof different types of bacteria after doing sensitivity test for this bacteria used groupof antibiotcs. The Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) was diagnosed using indirectenzyme linked immunosorbent assay by two kits including ( IgM parainfluenzatype 1,2,3 kit and IgG parainfluenza type 1,2,3 kit .)Result: A total of 150 patients of children, found 119 of children was infectedwith different types of bacteria including gram negative bacteria wich formedpercentage 8% and included ( E.coli, Pseudomonas areuginosa, Klebsellapneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii ) and gram positive bacteria formed percentage71.3% and included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcusepidermidis,Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Viridansstreptococci, Group B streptococci, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci ,Group D streptococci, Group F streptococci . These types of bacteria wereresistant with different percentage for beta-lactem antibiotics which includedcefepime, amoxacillin clvulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin G, tetracyclin,ceftazidime, Gentiamcin, ceftriaxone) , as for antibiotics (vancomycin,erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol ) some isolated bacterial species weresensitive to these antibiotics . Out of a total of sick children, 59% of them wereinfected with HPIV, 33% of them had IgM anti human parainfluenza virus and26% had IgG anti human parainfluenza virus . Among the patients of childrenfound, 41% ones had co-infection with bacteria and virus.Conclusion All bacterial species ( gram positive and gram negative) wereresistant to beta lactem antibiotics with varying percentage depending on thebacteria species -Participation of bacterial species ( S.pyogenes, Staph.aureuse andS.pneumoniae ) with Human parainfluenza virus to cause Co-infection to eachother in the respiratory system

} }