Abstarct

The use of information technology (IT) is considered as a key factor in integration of functions and activities of organizations, which the companies used it as a method to gaining competition. This research handled information technology in in the General Company for Leather Industries/ Baghdad. with sub-dimensions; Hardware, Software, Communication Networks, Databases, and the Human Resources This research aimed to bringing to light the relationship nature between its components of information technology and that relationship's nature in the study sample reality. To accomplish the aim of the study above mentioned, and answers the questions of the problem, used questionnaire as a tool to collect data and information related to information technology variable, and applied on a sample of (50) persons whom works in the studied company (Baghdad's factories and zafrania's ) to accomplish the aim of the study aforesaid, and answered the problem question, besides the interviews, field cohabiting, and the review of company's records and documents to notice the reality of supply chain concerning the two company's products (the Men Shoes and the Leather Clothes) . In order to analyze data and information, has been used a number of means and statistical methods, namely as arithmetic mean, Standard deviation, and correlation coefficient. The study reached to a number of conclusions which highlights the weakness of using and employing information technology elements and utilizing the usefulness of it to improve company performance.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

يصبح التنويع في الاعمال استراتيجية جذابة ، عندما تستنفد المنظمة جميع فرص النمو المربحة في اعمالها الحالية. وهنالك نوعان اساسيان من التنويع هما : التنويع المترابط والتنويع غير المترابط. ففي التنويع المترابط ، يتم التنويع في اعمال ذات مجالات توافق استراتيجي ضمن سلسلة القيمة الخاصة بها ليتم الاستفادة منها في تطوير الميزة التنافسية. ويعد التنويع غير المترابط توجهاً ماليا بشكل اساسي، اذ يتنازل عن احتمال الميزة التنافسية للتوافق الاستراتيجي في مقابل الحصول على ميزات اخرى، كتوفير فرص الربح المالي السريع، او توزيع المخاطر على مجموعة متنوعة من الصناعات. وفي جميع الاحوال يتمثل الغرض من التنويع في تكوين قيمة اضافية للمساهمين ،عندما يصبح اداء مجموعة متنوعة من الاعمال تحت ادارة شركة واحدة افضل من اداءها منفصلة او مستقلة عن بعضها. ويمكن ان يحدث التنويع ، اما بتوسيع قاعدة الاعمال، تضييق قاعدة الاعمال، اعادة هيكلة محفظة الاعمال، او التنويع في الاعمال متعددة الجنسيات. وتعد التحالفات الاستراتيجية اكثر محورية في استراتيجيات المنظمات مقارنة بالمشاريع المشتركة التقليدية ، اذ يكمن الغرض الرئيسي للتحالفات الاستراتيجية في تحقيق اقتصاديات الحجم والمجال ، والتشارك بالمهارات والموارد.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

يعد الاستثمار المباشر من اهم عناصرتكوين راس المال الثابت وهو بمثابة المحرك والمحفز لعناصر الانتاج الاخرى ورفع كفائتها الانتاجية والخدمية ،ويوثر في التنمية الاقتصادية و مجمل الانشطة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والخدمية خاصة اذا ما تم توظيفه وادارته بشكل علمي فسوف يولد دخول وطاقات انتاجية وسلع وخدمات جديدة ، فضلا عن تشغيل عاطلين عن العمل . وفي العراق فقد شهدت الاستثمارات المباشرة العامة والخاصة تراجعا كبيرا بسبب جملة من العوامل الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والسياسية فضلا عن الاسباب الامنية وموضوعة الفساد الاداري والمالي مما انهكس سلبا على مجمل الانشطة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، فضلا عن الاستثمارات الاجنبية المباشرة التي لم ترى النور الا في الاونة الاخيرة و لازالت ضمن مستويات متدنية جدا وفي مجالات سياحية وخدمية محدودة

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The present study was conducted to find out the effect of available creative education and the levels of creative methods knowledge for creative marketing climate factors for efficacy of employees banks, and of extent creative marketing climate factors relating to individual, procedures, and technology for customers satisfaction of bank services quality, relating to tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy in increasing customer number, attaining loyalty and satisfaction in Iraqi Commercial bank. The study was conducted using two kinds of questionnaires; the first for bank employees and, the second for customers of the bank. The study shows that the significant effect of creative marketing climate factors have a significant effect on. It also shows that there is significant effect for aggregate of creative marketing climate factors individual, procedures, technology, dimensions of customer satisfaction of bank service quality tangibles, reliability responsiveness, assurance, empathy, as customers see it. The results show a positive correlation and significant effect of all creative marketing climate factors for the variable, customer satisfaction of bank service quality. The study shows that there is an urgent need for introducing creative marketing climate strategy to face the competitive environment. The study recommends adopting training modes to improve the levels of knowledge about methods of creative marketing strategies to improve service quality and customer satisfaction.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The objective of this study is to Investigate the foreign Indirect Investment and its impact on the Trade and common stocks Return in the Iraq stock Exchange. To achieve this, two main hypotheses were tested : The first major hypothesis that " There are significant impact of foreign Indirect Investment on the returns of common stocks for the surveyed companies " . The second main hypothesis that " There are significant impact of foreign Indirect Investment on the number of common Traded stocks for the surveyed companies " . To test the hypotheses of the study on 13 bank companies Listed in the banks sector In the Iraq Stock Exchange , and The period covered by the study were on a monthly basis and stretched from December 2006 until March 2008. The study has reached into number of conclusions, The most important : Test results showed Presence significant difference statistically significant between the average stock returns before and after the entry of foreign indirect investment, Which refers to the impact of foreign indirect investment on the common stocks returns for Study sample banks , This corresponds with the first main hypothesis .And there is no significant difference statistically significant between the average number of traded shares before and after the entry of foreign indirect investment, Which refers to the lack of effect of foreign Indirect Investment on number of traded stocks for Study sample banks, and This does not corresponds with the second main hypothesis.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

تعد المشروعات الصغيرة أحدى التوجهات التي تتبعها الدول بهدف تحقيق عدد من المكاسب الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لما لها من خصائص متميزة يمكن أن تسهم في حل الكثير من المشاكل الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ولعل من أبرزها مشكلة البطالة والتي تعد من أهم المشاكل التي تواجهها اقتصادات دول العالم المختلفة ومنها العراق. الوقائع تشير إلى أن مسرح الاقتصاد العالمي يعج بالعديد من الظواهر والإشكالات التي تمثل الشغل الشاغل لحراك المجتمع الدولي للحيلولة دون تفاقمها، فالبطالة والفقر والتفاوت في توزيع الدخول وانتشار الأمية ... وغيرها من الإشكالات تحتاج إلى معالجات جذرية تارة من قبل الحكومة وتارة أخرى من قبل منظمات المجتمع المدني ومشاريع الأعمال الصغيرة واحدة من ابرز هذه المعالجات . في الحقيقة أن مدى نجاح هذه المشاريع في البلدان النامية على وجه الخصوص ومنها العراق رهناً بمدى قدرتها على توفير مناخ مناسب لعمل هذه المشاريع ابتدءاً بإصلاح التشريعات الاقتصادية والقانونية مروراً بتضييق حلقات البيروقراطية وصولاً إلى إشكالات التمويل التي تمثل العقبة الأساسية في مواجهة عمل هذه المشاريع في هذه البلدان والعراق ليس بمعزل عنها وهذا ما سنأتي على تحليلية عبر محاور بحثنا هذا

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

Many modern applied studies had asserted on the strong relationship that connect between the capital and averages of the economic development. Generally we can say that the financial markets are pushing toward the economic development and growth through perform a number of tasks such as savings mobilization, financing productive activities, Increasing allocation of resources, raising rates of investment productivity, increasing the volumes of investment, and other. But this vision was not clear because of impact of Iraq Stock Exchanging on economic activity in Iraq. Based on the above, hypothesis of the study showed there is weakness and ineffectiveness relationship between capital markets of rates of economic growth and the process of economic development for Iraq stock exchanging. The study reached number of conclusions such as Hypothesis is confirmed through absence of the relationship between Iraq stock exchanging and achieving rate of economic growth for it, This has been proven by model of Multiple linear regression for relation between the dependent variable of Gross Domestic Product and the independent variables (general market index, Index market value, Volume Index, and Number of companies), Except number of shares which alone contribute at the rate of (89.83) Total changes in the dependent variable. However, the variable at the rate of (10.17), it is returns to other elements including the above variables. Finally, the study concluded with some recommendations that we may see them will be Effective in this regard.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

To explore the obstacles that stand in the way of implementing the method of electronic banking marketing, is the main target of this research, The research also links this with the customers satisfaction, A survey paper was displayed among (68) customers, The most important conclusion reached was the necessity of re-engineering the managerial work in the banks under study and training the bank employees inside and outside Iraq.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The research aims to clarify one of the areas of financial innovation in the financial market through what we called ( custodian bank ) which is one of the important tooles in stock markets around the world . The environment surrounding the global stock and what set upart the multi environmental forces and attitudes from globalizatio , rising competition , financial innovation , and governmental deregulation , and what investment activities represents in stock exchange market from importance vital aspects both domestic and international has led to prominence the need to institutions to support investment operations and maintain investors rights over the world and support forieghn investment operations that is represent important source in conntries economics . The research launched from essential problem represent in range need to custodian bank services in stock exchange around the world and nature of services and activities that it can offered with the formulation help in activate loeally and internationally investment operations . Proceeding from the research problem the research aimed to highlight on financial innovation areas in stock exchange and also the applied and knowledgical contents of custody bank in analytical study concentrate on financial markets globalization and custodian bank services and organizational framework to this institutional existence . We arrived many of conclusion and recomendation that it serve the stock exchange in achievement their objectives .

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The Today world is witnessing a new reality characterized by dynamic and speed of change as a result of revolutions which occurred by the economy, particularly the information and communication technology revolution and that led to increased interest in the production of information and communicated to the decision makers at the timeliness to make rational decisions, contribute to advancing economic development forward, and aims Search to show the role of information and communication technology to improve the quality of information and the reflections this information on the investment decisions that achieve economic development.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

يشهد المجتمع المعاصر موجةٌ غير مسبوقة من التطور والتغيير تمتد بظلالها لتشمل كافة الأبعاد السياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية والتكنولوجية، ولم يعد هناك ما يمكن وصفه بأنه ثابت؛ فكل ما حولنا أصبح يدور في فلك التطور والتغيير في خِضَمِ متغيراتٍ بيئيةٍ متسارعةٍ ومتلاحقةٍ وتحدياتٍ جسيمةٍ تواجِهُ المنظماتِ, تَتَضِحُ مظاهرهُا في كافةِ المجالاتِ الاقتصاديةِ والاجتماعيةِ والسياسيةِ والتكنولوجية. وتواجه مهنة المحاسبة وتدقيق الحسابات في الوقت الحاضر العديد من التحديات ، كتكنولوجيا المعلومات ، الخصخصة ، التجارة العالمية ، ندرةِ المواردِ الاقتصاديةِ وتحريرِ التجارةِ والتحول إلى نُظُمِ اقتصاديات السوقِ وحُريةِ الاستثمارِ وانتقالِ الأموالِ, المنافسةِ الشَديدةِ بينَ منظماتِ الأعمالِ داخلياً وخارجياً. وإدارة المعرفة . وقد أدى ظهور العولمة والتغيرات في بيئة الأعمال والتطور الكبير إلى إعادة النظر في المعالجات المحاسبية ، الأمر الذي جعل من المعلومات المالية أكثر تعقيدا ، وأوجب قيام المحاسبين بضرورة التكيف ومجاراة الأمور الجديدة بزيادة معرفتهم في مجال الحاسوب والانترنت ، للتأقلم مع بيئة الأعمال المتغيرة بشكل مستمر ، والأخذ بعين الاعتبار تأثير بيئة تكنولوجيا المعلومات على مهنة المحاسبة والتدقيق . أن تكنولوجيا المعلومات أحدثت تحولاً كبيراً في الدور الجديد للمحاسبين لكي يصبحوا أكثر فاعلية في خدمة الإدارة، ومواجهة المستجدات على مهنتهم بكفاءة واقتدار، مما ينعكس على نجاح أعمال المنظمات وتبادل المعرفة وإدارتها. وقد أدت ثورة المعلومات وما آلت إليه من انتشار الحاسوب والبريد الإلكتروني والإنترنت إلى تعزيز العولمة وتدفق المعلومات المطلوبة لاتخاذ القرارات السياسية والاقتصادية والإدارية في الوقت المناسب، هذه المعلومات التي تمثل إلى حد كبير مخرجات النظام المحاسبي على مستوى المنشأة (فردية أو شخصية معنوية) أو على مستوى القطاع أو الدولة. ولا يمكن لهذه المعلومات أن تكون ذات فائدة كافية ما لم تكن قابلة للمقارنة. ويمكن تعريف المعايير بأنها نماذج أو إرشادات عامة تؤدي إلى توجيه وترشيد الممارسة العملية في المحاسبة والتدقيق أو مراجعة الحسابات. وبذلك تختلف المعايير عن الإجراءات فالمعايير لها صفة الإرشاد العام أو التوجيه بينما تتناول الإجراءات الصيغة التنفيذية لهذه المعايير على حالات تطبيقية معينة. وإن أهمية معايير المحاسبة والتدقيق جعلت المنظمات المهنية في كثير من دول العالم تهتم بوضع معاييرها، ولعل من أهم هذه المنظمات في هذا المجال:-  مجمع المحاسبين القانونيين في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية AICPA الذي بادر إلى وضع معايير للتدقيق منذ عام 1939.  كما تم تشكيل هيئة أو مجلس لمعايير المحاسبة المالية FASB في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية منذ عام 1973 كتطوير لصيغة المبادئ المحاسبية المقبولة عموماً GAAP التي كان قد بدأ العمل بها منذ عام 1932.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

Abstract accounting formed a comprehensive and integrated system for information on all economic units, which are of course open to all systems within those units affect and are affected by, so I have been used addressed factors that are divided accounting environment into three sections in the search, and the most prominent factors political factors, legal, social factors, and perhaps the economic aspect is the financial market, and income, sources of funding, and inflation, as were not political factors in isolation from the environment accounting has been feedback the stability policy of the country and its relations, legislation and the legal system and the accounting profession and its links and international relations, has formed social factors such as culture, religion, education major impact on the environment accounting because accounting is a social science, and concepts of set systems for the theory and objectives and types of organizations, and systems design and control and feedback and the nature and properties of information and the role of information within the scope of business, accounting and accordingly is a system uses operations organization for the collection and management, treatment and information generation, and each system has a set of objectives must be achieved and measure and manage and be connected to all systems or other units where that cannot be for the information system itself that provides all the information needed by the Organization, and control can be realized by feedback.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

أن حاجة الانسان بأن يخلو إلى نفسه وأن يشعر بالهدوء والسكينة بعيدا عن أعين الناس او مراقبة الفضوليين أو الإحتفاظ بافكاره أو علاقاته الحميمة أو ارتباطاته وأفراد أسرته وراء ستار السرية ، حاجة قديمة قدم وجود الانسان نفسه. لذا تحرص المجتمعات خاصة الديمقراطية منها على كفالة الخصوصية، وتعتبره حقا مستقلا قائما بذاته، ولا تكتفي بسن القوانين لحمايته بل تسعي إلى ترسيخه في الأذهان، وذلك بغرس القيم النبيلة التي تلعب دورا كبيرا وفعالا في منع المتطفلين من التدخل في خصوصيات الآخرين وكشف أسرارهم. ولقد حظي هذا الحق باهتمام كبير سواء من جانب الهيئات والمنظمات الدولية أو من جانب الدساتير والنظم القانونية، ولقد تضاعف الاهتمام بهذا الحق نظرا لما يتعرض له من مخاطر تحيط به وتهدده أبرزها التقدم التكنولوجي والإعلامي و المعلوماتى الملحوظ والذي كان له دور كبير في اقتحام حصون هذا الحق واختراق حواجزه وتسلق أسواره، الأمر الذي يقتضي تدخل المشرع لحمايته بالأسلوب الذي يتفق وطبيعة هذه الأخطار وفي العصر الحديث ظهرت الحاجة الماسة لمعرفة الكثير من المعلومات وأصبحت المعلومات عصب الحياة الاقتصادية والسياسية والاجتماعية والعلمية. واصبح استخدام الحاسب الآلي من سمات وضرورات حسن التنظيم الاداري سواء على مستوى روابط القانون العام أو على روابط القانون الخاص. ولهذا وصف هذا العصر وبحق عصر الحاسوب. وإذا كان موضوع البحث هو حماية الخصوصية المعلوماتية. فإنه يجدر بنا أولا بيان تعريف المقصود بهذا المصطلح وكيف أثرت فيه التكنولوجيا الحديثة .

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

يمثل الاستثمار النشاط الاقتصادي الأساسي , ومفتاح التنمية الاقتصادية لدول العالم المختلفة بخاصة الدول النامية التي يفتقر العديد منها إلى رأس المال بسبب ضعف مدخراتها الوطنية الناتجة أصلاً من ضعف مستوى الناتج المحلي الإجمالي. ويعد الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر أحد أوجه العلاقات الاقتصادية الدولية , وعنصراً أساسياً لتنمية الدول النامية المحتاجة له إذا ما تلائم ومصالحها الأساسية لتحقيق تقدمها الاقتصادي وتحديثها العلمي والتقني . وأمام ذلك فإن لهذا الاستثمار أهداف اقتصادية وغير اقتصادية بخاصة في ظل العولمة الاقتصادية التي جعلت من العالم سوقاً واحدة في مخلف الأنشطة الاقتصادية . وبوصف هذا الاستثمار أحد وسائل هذه العولمة فإن له منافع مثلما له مساوئ , لهذا فإن الدول النامية التي تعاني من ندرة رأس المال والافتقار للتقدم العلمي والتقني يشكل لديها هذا الاستثمار حاجة أساسية يدفعها إلى اعتماد سياسات وإجراءات لجذبه في اقتصادياتهم على وفق نظام أولويات يقود إلى إنجاح تنميتها الاقتصادية . وعند قراءة التاريخ الاقتصادي المعاصر تتضح التجربة الاقتصادية الصينية في مقدمة الدول النامية التي تعاملت بنجاح مع الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر بعد أن وفرت له المناخ الاقتصادي وغير الاقتصادي المناسب , والذي تجاوزت فترته أكثر من ثلاثة عقود استطاعت بها هذه التجربة من تحقيق معدلات عالية للنمو الاقتصادي وتحديثاً متسارعاً في ميدان العلوم والتكنولوجيا .

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The Iraq economy is classified within the economics that depend for National Income on extractive industry and on other resources . This merit , if invested in more reasonably way within development projects , could realize balanced growth rates for its sectors . But these up normal circumstances and non-objective economic policies made Iraq in more difficult and complicated circumstances and problems that resulted low production and common socioeconomic phenomenon such as unemployment , inflation and consequently the indebtedness and compensation that burdened the Iraqi economy and increased the deterioration in the standards of living of the citizen . There were no way just to adopt the reform policy and redevelop the economic state and private sectors through benefiting from the potentialities and economic and human resources with the collaboration of the foreign investments granted by other countries and international financial foundations taking into consideration the experience of the developing in this aspect . Thus , Iraq tendency towards the collaboration of foreign investments was supported by issuing Investment Law No.(13) 2006 which require preparing an investment circumstances that urge this foreign investment to contribute in financing and establishing productive and service projects in Iraq along with realizing security situation and providing the prerequisites for these investments that could utilize more suitable opportunities and activities which could not be found in other countries . This aspect should encourage the Iraqi government and the civil society organizations to make more pressure on Security Council to review the sums imposed on Iraq to repay compensations and indebts which are considered as one of the obstacles affection the economic and developing reform process for Iraq future .

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕﺍﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻨﺤﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩدة ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ. ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻑ ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ الاجنبية ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﺓ .ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎً ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻅﺭﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻴﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

يعتقد كثيرون ان مفاهيم الحكومة الالكترونية وبدايتها نشأت مع انتشار الانترنت في منتصف التسعينات, ويعود تاريخ التطبيقات الحكومية الى عقود قبل ذلك , وان التطبيقات الحكومية التقليدية كان هدفها الاول رفع الكفاءة الداخلية للمؤسسة اما الحكومة الالكترونية فتركز على خدمة المواطن , وتتسابق حكومات دول العالم في اقامة الحكومة الالكترونية , اذ بدأت الكثير من دول العالم في تبني مفهوم الحكومة الالكترونية سواء في البلدان المتقدمة او النامية , وذلك من خلال عرض معلومات في غاية الاهمية على شبكات الانترنيت كما اصبحت كثيراً من المعاملات الحكومية والتجارية تتم عبر شبكة الانترنيت ومن ثم فقد اتاحت هذه الشبكة للحكومة ومواطنيها فرصاً للتواصل بعيداً عن الاجراءات الاعتيادية الروتينية . والحكومة الالكترونية هي وسيلة لتحسين الاداء الحكومي ليصبح اكثر كفاءة وفاعلية , والحكومة الالكترونية تؤدي الى زيادة الشفافية والفعالية في ادارة الدولة , وعلية فان اعتماد الحكومة الالكترونية يشكل عملية تغيير من شانها ان تساعد على توسيع مجالات المواطنين ورجال الاعمال للمشاركة في الاقتصاد الجديد القائم على المعرفة والتكنولوجيا والتطبيقات الحديثة وايضاً توفر امكانية اشراك المواطنين والمجتمع المدني في مناقشة السياسات من خلال الحوار المباشر , ودعم اتخاذ القرارات , وصياغة السياسات بشكل متفهم اكثر للمواطنين واحتياجاتهم . ويوضح البحث اهمية الحكومة الالكترونية ومفهومها و اهمية تطبيقه والتعرف على تجارب العديد من الدول مع التركيز على تجربة العراق في الحكومة الالكترونية, ويتألف البحث من ثلاثة فصول اذ يوضح الفصل الاول مفهوم الحكومة الالكترونية واهميتها والتعرف على اهم الخصائص والاهداف للحكومة الالكترونية واهم اسباب التصدي للفساد الاداري عن طريق التحول للحكومة الالكترونية وتناول الفصل الثاني تجارب بعض الدول العربية والاجنبية وتم التركيز على تجربة العراق في تطبيق الحكومة الالكترونية . وخصص الفصل الثالث لعرض اهم الاستنتاجات والتوصيات التي توصل اليها البحث

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

مر العمل المصرفي بمراحل من التطور طبقا لأهميته في الاقتصاد، وأصبح للمصرف ادوار يؤديها فهو يقوم بدور ائتماني بعملية الإقراض والاقتراض ودور نقدي ينفذ في عمليات التمويل للمشروعات وكانت الوظيفة الأساسية للمصارف التقليدية هي الوساط بين وحدات العجز ووحدات الفائض والتي تعتمد في نجاحها على توقعات المستقبل. وبسبب الأزمات التي أصابت اقتصادات الدول المختلفة أصبح من المهم إيجاد بديل لنظم التعاملات المصرفية التي سادت فكان لظهور المصارف الإسلامية اشراقة الأمل للمجتمعات للتخلص من الآثار السلبية التي سببتها الأزمات الاقتصادية، إذ تعتمد المصارف الإسلامية في عملها على أحكام الشريعة الإسلامية وأسس الاقتصاد الإسلامي الذي يحرم التعامل بالفائدة وفقا لذلك فان فرص الاستثمار تنحصر بالنتاج الفعلي والذي يقوم بتوجيه مباشر للموارد إلى الاستثمار الحقيقي، وهنا يوضح الاقتصاد الإسلامي أن رأس المال لا يستحق عائدا إذا لا لم يشارك في العملية الإنتاجية على عكس ما تتعامل به المصارف التقليدية التي تعطيه عائد الفائدة. ووفق المنظور الإسلامي فان الصيغة المشروعة للربح تكون من خلال اشتراك رأس المال مع الجهد البشري والموارد الاقتصادية الأخرى والتي ينتج عنها السلع والخدمات فيكون ذلك الربح مبني على أساس المخاطرة.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The great development in the use of electronic means and global information network has had an effective impact on the functioning of the teacher and learner in educational fields, became the era of web-based information, which swept through the various fields midday so-called virtual learning or e-learning, Virtual University or open all stemming from distance education. This issue is broad and complex and important issues that haunted our modern where it notes that e-learning is closely linked to the virtual learning without the use of electronic media, there can be a default instruction, is a modern scientific revolution in teaching methods and techniques that harness the latest that reach technology hardware, software and the Internet in the service of the stimulation and development of education. The default environment is one of the most basic components of virtual learning is the process of simulating realistic or fantastical environment are conceived and built by the potential offered by modern technology. In this research the concept of educational process with multiple inputs and outputs, and how is the crisis of education in all of its institutions through the use of virtual learning and adaptability. This new style of education can build a virtual environment and virtual classes. It was in this study all its specifications and their applicability in educational institutions.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

Little published information is available about the clinical epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the developing countries. Hence the purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction in the United Arab Emirates as an example of a developing country in the Middle East. Our plan to study all patients with confirmed acute myocardial infarction correlated with certain risk factors such as cholesterol, hypertension, diabetic and smoking habits at the Hospital over a 5-year period.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

Cryptography (or cryptology) is a discipline of mathematics and computer science concerned with information security and related issues, particularly encryption and authentication and such applications as access control [6]. Prior to the early 20th century, cryptography was chiefly concerned with linguistic patterns. While it now makes extensive use of mathematics, including topics from information theory, computational complexity, statistics, combinatory, and especially number theory. The history of cryptography can be divided into three stages they are: • In the first stage, algorithms had to be implemental with paper and ink such as substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers. The encryption process can be defined as E(M), where M is the plaintext Decryption is done using the map , where C is the ciphertext. Such schemes are not very secure. The system can be strengthened in various ways, but none too effective. • The second stage of cryptography was that of cryptographic engines. This is associated to the period of the World War II, and the most famous crypto engine was the German Enigma machine. • The last stage is modern cryptography. Its central feature is the reliance on mathematics and electronic computers. Computers enabled the use of much more sophisticated encryption algorithms, and mathematics told us how to design them. It is during this most recent stage that cryptography becomes much more a science. The modern stage of cryptography can be broken down into two areas of study: Symmetric-key and Public-key. Symmetric-key cryptography refers to encryption methods in which both the sender and receiver share the same key. The modern study of symmetric-key ciphers relates mainly to the study of block ciphers and stream ciphers and to their applications. A block cipher take as input a block of plaintext data and a key, and output a block of ciphertext data of the same size. The main drawback of symmetric ciphers is that the two communicating parties must share a secret key: it is not easy to ensure that the secret is not compromised during transport. This drawback leads to the invention of Public-key cryptographic systems in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in which two different but related keys are used: one for encryption and one for decryption (public-key cryptography is also called asymmetric-key cryptography because of the difference between the keys). Good cryptographic systems should always be designed so that they are as difficult to break as possible. It is possible to build systems that cannot be broken in practice (though this cannot usually be proved). There is no excuse for a system designer to leave the system breakable. Any mechanisms that can be used to circumvent security must be made explicit, documented, and brought into the attention of the end users. In theory, any cryptographic method with a key can be broken by trying all possible keys in sequence. If using brute force to try all keys is the only option, the required computing power increases exponentially with the length of the key. A system with 56-bit keys, such as DES, requires a substantial effort, but using massive distributed systems requires only hours of computing. It is currently believed that keys with at least 128 bits (as in AES, for example) will be sufficient against brute-force attacks into the foreseeable future. However, key length is not the only relevant issue. Many ciphers can be broken without trying all possible keys. In general, it is very difficult to design ciphers that could not be broken more effectively using other methods. The strength of the algorithm must be depends on the secrecy of the key rather than the secrecy of the algorithm. Generally, no algorithm that depends on the secrecy of the algorithm is secure. For professionals, it is easy to disassemble and reverse-engineer the algorithm. The keys used in public-key algorithms are usually much longer than those used in symmetric algorithms. There the problem is not that of guessing the right key, but deriving the matching private key from the public key. It should be emphasized that the strength of a cryptographic system is usually equal to its weakest link. No aspect of the system design should be overlooked, from the choice of algorithms to the key distribution and usage policies. There are 2n possible different plaintext blocks (where n is the block length) and, for the encryption to be reversible (i.e., for decryption to be possible), each must produce a unique ciphertext block. Such a transformation is called reversible, or nonsingular. Figure 1 illustrates the logic of a general substitution cipher for n = 4. A 4-bit input produces one of 16 possible input states, which is mapped by the substitution cipher into a unique one of 16 possible output states, each of which is represented by 4 ciphertext bits. The encryption and decryption mappings can be defined by a tabulation. This is the most general form of block cipher and can be used to define any reversible mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. Feistel refers to this as the ideal block cipher, because it allows for the maximum number of possible encryption mappings from the plaintext block [1]. If a small block size is used then the system is more equivalent to a classical substitution cipher and is vulnerable to a statistical analysis of the plaintext. If block size is sufficiently large then the statistical characteristics cryptanalysis is infeasible. The ideal block cipher for a large block size is not practical because the mapping itself constitutes the key[1]. Feistel proposed that product cipher can utilize the concept of ideal block. Product cipher can be defined as the execution of two or more simple ciphers in sequence in such a way that the final result or product is cryptographically stronger than any of the component ciphers. The product cipher uses a block cipher with a key length of k bits and a block length of n bits, with 2k possible transformations, rather than the 2n transformations available with the ideal block cipher. Feistel proposed using substitutions and permutations in a product cipher.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

In this project we tried to maximize the level of security needed to send some messages among users. To do this, a number of programming tools have been used to support this project. The design of the system includes a four steps process, the first two occur at the sending station and the other two are at the receiving station. The processes are (Encryption, Hiding, Decryption and Revealing) sequentially. The project is designed to open one port between the connecting stations which the video port. The sender will write a message and when the send button is clicked the message will be encrypted and the frame captured at that moment will be the carrier file. The message then goes to a hiding process and then at receiving station the process backward

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

In this paper, a new scenario has been proposed to retrieve encrypted data on remote servers. Chained Perfect Hashing CPH technique will be described for search in encrypted files depending on public key encryption stored on untrusted servers. And retrieve the files without giving any information about the stored files. CPH is secure and support hidden queries. CPH has constant search time with fix rate of collisions for any file size.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

Transposition ciphers are a class of classical encryption algorithms based on rearranging units of plaintext according to some fixed permutation, which acts as the secret key. In this paper, we propose a cryptanalysis tool approach based on a population-based algorithm inspired by the honeybees forage for food called Bees Algorithm to break a transposition cipher. Experimental results demonstrate the applicability of algorithm for the cryptanalysis of transposition ciphers.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

In the emerging global economy, e-commerce has increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong impulse for economic development. One of the most significant developments in business in recent years has been the increasing use of e-commerce. It has revolutionized many marketplaces and started opportunities never imagined before. Businesses that are not investigating the use of e- commerce are in a great danger of finding themselves being overtaken by others who are utilizing this technology. Iraq is characterized as one of the very few countries in the world that are still so far from the real use of inevitable services of e-commerce. Primarily, Iraq suffers from a number of features that work as barriers to an effective use of e-commerce in life such as the lack of awareness and understanding of the benefit of e-commerce, the lack of information and communication technologies (ICT) knowledge and skills, the unstable physical network infrastructure, security and other privacy-related problems in addition to problems related to costs for the adoption of a new technology. Senior leaders of the country must be aware of these emerging, and increasingly complex environments of e - commerce in order to compete on a global (or even on a regional) level. The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, it seeks to investigate the hindrances to e-commerce adoption in Iraq. Second, it seeks to suggest some recommendations for successful applying of e-commerce. The work begins by examining e-commerce, its advantages, its challenges and market models of e-commerce. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: In the next section, a typical implementation of e-commerce is given, followed by the barriers to e-commerce adoption in developing countries and then barriers to its adoption in Iraq. Later, the conclusions and recommendations are presented and the paper is finalized with limitation of study and future work.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

Information hiding is an important class of security which is widely used in computer and network security nowadays. In this research, a proposed technique is used to hide a secret image in several personal images. A new method was suggest to divided the secret image into eight partitions each partition will be embedded in the single image (cover image) by using a special algorithm. The receiver have the same algorithm for extracting the hidden partitions and collect them to retrieve the hidden image. The hidden image will be divided into nine parts (the head and eight parts of the image information) each of which will be embedded in single image, so the carrier is a collection of at least nine images and are sent as a wall of facebook for example.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

In this research, we study the diagnosis of some cipher systems which considerAsan important part of cryptanalysis of cipher system .Some of this systems are the classical cryptosystems ,the substitution and the transposition cipher systems ,the simple one and the complex systems, as well as some modern cipher systems .we will use some statistical methods which are useful in the diagnosis of the cipher system.

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex

Abstarct

The proposed system is developed for taking advantage of the rich data from the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) and related databases for clinical service, research, and education applications. The system based on real medical cases of patients through allowing radiologists and specialists from using PACS data for creating new radiology teaching cases and transmitting them to the proposed system. Each case file consists of medical images and case/patient description information. System also allows the external radiologists from accessing the system and adding new cases. The cases can be read and discussed by residents and medical students. Also each case can be provided with number of questions that can be used as training quizzes. System structure is based on modular structure so the available structure and features can be modified or updated according to the needs of the developing team; this feature brings into view the power of the modular open sources projects. System access is restricted through using user identification and authentication technique that requires user ID and password for access system data. While the privileges that each user can perform are controlled through programming the databases’ depth that he/she can access. The strategy used for implementing the system is web-based strategy that makes the system more sustainable and portable. The suggested tools for implementing the system are most newly tools that are used to build such systems (Apache Web Server, PHP, MySQL Database server, and JavaScript) because their robust, open source, secure, and reliability features

Keywords

Export bibliographic record

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• BibTex