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The local Fungal Isolate Trichoderma fertile was chosen as the most efficient isolate for Chitinase and β 1-3 glucanase production after screening 25 fungal isolates belong to different genes . The environmental conditions for both enzymes production from Trichoderma fertile were studied and the results showed that incubation in a rotary shaker with 125 rpm at 30 ˚C for 96 h. gave the highest yields of both enzymes

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Twenty bacterial isolates belonged to the genus of Lactobacillus were obtained from different sources included raw milk , pickles , rural dairy, whey and yoghurt . The above isolates in addition to four isolates belonged to the same genus were subjected to a screening program to test their abilities for lactic acid production using different incubation conditions . Results showed that L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus sp. (25) were the higher producer isolates for lactic acid .The best medium for production of lactic acid from L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus sp. (25) was date juice in comparision with MRS liquid medium ,the lactic acid amounts were (44.02 and 64.8) gm/L by using date juice as production medium, while they were (36.12 and 62.076) gm/L by using MRS medium for both used isolates , respectively.

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Cells of L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus sp. (25) were immobilized using entrapment method with two different supports . Results showed that agar – agar was more efficient in lactic acid production in compare with sodium alginate . Factors affect cells immobilization were studied and the results showed that (3)% agar – agar as a support with (1×109) cell / ml gave the highest production of lactic acid . Some of the optimal conditions for lactic acid production from the immobilized cells of L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus sp.(25) were studied . The results revealed that the best date juice concentration and yeast extract for lactic acid production were (4 and 0.3)% for both isolates , respectively .The optimal incubation periods for lactic acid production were (60 and 72) hours for L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus sp. (25), respectively.The immobilized cells for both isolates were stable during five repeated cycles and no acid production loss was observed during the studied periods. Lactic acid was isolated from culture filtrate of L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus sp.(25) . The isolation procedure included Clarification step, Ion exchange with anionic exchanger ( Amberlite IR- 400) and Ion exchange with cationic exchanger ]Amberlite IR 120- (H)[. Lactic acid yield obtained were (88.75 and 91.56)% for the above mentioned isolates , respectively .

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The inhibitory activity of each of the nano disinfectant Chlorhexidine] Magnisum- Alaminum-Chlorhexidine-Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg-Al-CHX-LDH)[ in addition to free Chlorhexidine (CHX) were assessed by diffusion agar method against Pseudomonas spp. , Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter baumannii. Results showed that highest inhibitory activity was obtained against isolates K. pneumonia 16-B and 27 with average inhibition zone of 15.25 and 15.16 mm , respectively, while isolates P. aeruginosa 4-C and 15-A were the lowest affected with average inhibition zone of 6.87 and 6.75 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibilities test was carried out for 15 antibiotics and the susceptibility of the bacteria to different antibiotics varied depending on the isolate, Ciprofloxacin and Netilmicin were the most effective antimicrobial agents against K. pneumonia and A. baumannii , respectively . Generally, high resistance among the tested isolates was detected.

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A nanohybrid antifungal Mg/Al-Clo-LDH was prepared using sol-gel ion exchange method between the antifungal Clotrimazole (Clo) and Bilayers hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH). The new nanoantifungal was identified. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the appearance of new groups in the Mg/Al-Clo-LDH spectrum which indicates the formation of new compound. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum revealed the appearance of new diffraction planes in the nanohybrid antifungal spectrum in compare with the spectrum of Bilayers hydroxide. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed the presence of some changes in the Mg/Al-Clo-LDH surface. The two and three dimensional image of the above compound in atomic force microscope confirmed the formation of new antifungal with nanodimensions.The antimicrobial activity of the nanohybrid antifungal was studied against 16 isolates of Candida spp. . Results showed that highest inhibition was obtained against isolate Candida albicans 23 with avarege inhibition zone of 20.63mm .

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Effect of environmental and cultural conditions in the production of the Protease and Chitinase enzymes from B. bassiana were studied . Results showed that the highest production of these enzymes were obtained by using medium composed of baker's yeast at concentration 1.5 % supplemented with 0.3 % (NH4)2 SO4, at initial pH 6.5 with an inoculum size 16 % , and incubated at 30 ˚C on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 72 h.

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This study included the extraction of flavonoids , total phenols and antioxidant from green tea leaves and extract . The result revealed the This study included determining the optimal conditions for extracting flavonoids and total phenols and antioxidants from green tea leaves and the results showed that the ethyl alcohol concentration (80, 80, 30)% and methanolic alcohol concentration (70,70, 10)% is the favorable for extraction flavonoids and total phenols and antioxidants respectively, while acetone concentrations (70,50%) gave the optimal results to extract flavonoids and total phenols respectively, while all concentrations was equal to extract antioxidants.It turns out that the optimal extraction time to extract flavonoids was at a maximum after 36 hours, while 24 hours is best for the extracting total phenols and antioxidants

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تضمنت هذه الدراسة تحديد الابقار المصابة بالتهاب الضرع عن الابقار السليمة من خلال فحص 200 عينة حليب مأخوذة من ابقار مرباة في مناطق مختلفة من محافظة كربلاء المقدسة وذلك بالاعتماد على فحص كاليفورنيا وفعالية انزيم NAGase وقد اوضحت النتائج خلو 122 عينة من الاصابة بينما بلغ عدد العينات العائدة لابقار مصابة 78 .اشتملت هذه الدراسة ايضاً على عزل البكتريا المسببة لالتهاب الضرع وتشخيصها بالطرائق التقليدية والجزيئية وقد تم الحصول على 10 عزلات من بكتريا Staphylococcus aureus و5 عزلات من بكتريا Coagulase Negative staphylococcus(CoNS) و8 عزلات من بكتريا Escherichia coliوعزلة واحدة من بكتريا Streptococcus uberis .

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The inhibitory activity of each of nano antibiotic levofloxacin Magnisum-Alaminum –Levofloxacin – Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg-Al-LEV-LDH) and free levofloxacin (LEV) were assessed by diffusion agar method against bacterial isolates Proteus mirabilis , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. isolated from diabetic foot ulcer. Result showed that highest inhibitory activity was obtained against Proteus mirabilis 17a and 17b isolates with average inhibition zones of 40.535 and 40.035 mm, respectively, while the Escherichia coli 102 isolate was the lowest affected with average zone of 3.464 mm. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out for 14 antibiotics and the results of the bacterial susceptibility to different antibiotics varied depending on the tested bacterial isolates. Amikacin and Imipenem were the most effective antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli. Generally, high resistance among the tested isolates was detected.

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A nanohybrid antifungal Nys-ZnO was prepared using sol-gel ion exchange method betweenthe antifungal Nystatin (Nys) and Zinc Oxide. The new nanoantifungal was identified. FT-IRspectroscopy revealed the appearance of new groups in the Nys-ZnO spectrum which indicates theformation of new compound. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum revealed the appearance ofnew diffraction planes in the nanohybrid antifungal spectrum in compare with the spectrum of zincoxide. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed the presence of some change in the Nys-ZnOsurface. The two and three dimensional image of the above compound in atomic force microscopeconfirmed the formation of new antifungal with nanodimensions. The antimicrobial activity of thenanohybrid antifungal was studied against 23 isolates of Candida. Results showed that highestinhibition was obtained against isolate Candida tropicalis 4 with avarege inhibition zone of 24.08mm .

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