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The present work designed to describe the histological and histochemical features of parotid gland in buffaloes and cows.The glands were collected from ten heads of buffaloes and cows used. The histological and histochemical study revealed that the parotid gland in buffaloes and cows are compound tubuloacinar-type, having dense connective tissue capsule, the parenchyma consists of acini, intercalated, striated and excretory duct, acini surrounded by myoepithelial cells.The parotidis a purely serous gland. histochemical study,demonstrated of mucopolysaccharide by using combined AB-PAS, acini shows weak to moderate reaction in buffaloes but weak reaction in cows.

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A total of 200 samples of raw milk (100 cow milk and 100 buffaloe milk) were collected from different markets in Basrah city and were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus . Results indicate that this bacterium was observed in 28.5% of total samples (30% of cow milk and 27% of buffalo milk) Enterotoxin genes (Sea-See) were investigated using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene ( Sec ) was detected in 24.56% of the S. aureus isolates , while none of the S. aureus isolates harbouring Sea, Seb,Sed or See genes.

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The present work was design to study the anatomical features and radiographic appearance of auricle and external acoustic meatus of cattle and buffalo, collected from (12) sample of heads were used in this study, there were equally divided into three groups: first group to study the shape, position and relation of cartilage, muscles and ligament of auricle in both animals, second group to study the measurements of external acoustic meatus, and the third group study morphological and radiographical of external acoustic meatus in both animal, the study revealed that the auricle is a flapy flashy appendage attached to the side of the skull by muscles and ligaments, the auricle is funnel shape, distally is wide open, but more proximally, it is rolled up to form a tube that bend medially to be connected to the external acoustic meatus, the auricle in both animals is composed of three cartilage: the part auricular, scutiform and annular cartilage also auricular muscle and ligament which support the external ear. The result of this study shows that intrinsic auricular muscles is more developed in buffalo, while the greater parts of the extrinsic auricular muscles are developed in both animals. The present work shows that the frontoauricular muscles are distinguish into two parts in buffalo and cattle on the other hand the interscutularis muscle thin fibers and attached with scutuloauricularis prefunds muscle in buffalo, also the parotidauriculares narrower and thicker in cattle, but a ribbon -like muscle thin and wide in buffalo. The external acoustic meatus begins where the rolled up part of the annular cartilage narrows and ends, the meatus has cartilaginous and osseous parts it is lined with skin the study provided that acoustic meatus about 5.667±0.0816 cm of length in cattle and 6.500± 0.126 cm in buffalo, the aim of present work is to report more detailed information about the auricle and meatus in both animal for value importment can easily examined by the speculum the shortness of the meatus should be courses of the risk of injuring of the tympanic membrane and to be able to pass the otoscope tube through the external meatus and to recognize the eardrum when it is seen, to know the surgical anatomy of auricle and acoustic meatus and to know the relationship of vessels and nerve that must be avoid during surgery and to be able to recognize all parts of the temporal bone on radiographs.

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This study was conducted on 215 milk samples collected from apparently healthy lactating buffalo during the period from August 2012 to March 2013. Isolation and identification of bacterial isolates were carried on the basis of their morphology, staining, cultural and biochemical properties. Antibiotics susceptibility of the isolated organisms were also done . Out of 215 milk samples examined 22 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus . Results of antibiotics sensitivity in this investigation showed that Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to kanamycin , azithromycin , gentamycin , vancomycin , nitrofurantoin , streptomycin and resistant to oxacillin and ampicillin.

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The present study was carried out at local buffalo flock in AL-Najaf province , by using data collected for 40 reverine buffalo in different lactation stage thought the year 2013 to determine the effect of lactation stage and sex of birth in milk protein , lipids , lactose ,ash solid not fat ,calcium ,density, freezing point and water. Results was showed a significant effect (p≤ 0.05 ) of lactation stage in milk lipids, protein, ash and freezing point , the highest values were in late period of lactation (9.5g/l ,4.0 g/l ,0.84 g/l and -29.85 c°) respectively. Lactose and density were increased significantly (p≤ 0.05 ) in the beginning of lactation period its about 4.53 g/l and 54.33ml/gm respectively compared with end of lactation period its about 3.38 g/l and 43.67 ml/ gm respectively. S.N.F ,calcium and water were not affected significantly by lactation stage. Significant effect (p≤ 0.05 ) of calve sex in milk lipids, protein and freezing point , the highest values were in milk of dams that calved female (7.83g/l ,3.92 g/l and -27.36c°) respectively. Lactose and density were increased significantly (p≤ 0.05 ) in the milk of dams that calved male its about 4.62 g/l and 53.17ml/gm respectively. S.N.F ,calcium, ash and water were not affected significantly by calve sex.

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The current study included examination of 1525 buffaloes from (11) districts in Mosul city for detection of lice and ticks. Results showed that the total percentage of lice infestation was 48.63%, particularly blood sucking lice Haematopinus tuberculatus. Buffaloes reared in Al-Shalalate and Al-Kabate showed 100% lice infestation, sucking lice H. tuberculatus was diagnosed by thorax plate which was rectangular with the presence of anterior process on each side. The length of male was 3.5-4 mm while the length of female was 4.5-5 mm. Total tick infestation was 49.1%, with a heights percentage of 80% was noticed in Al-Kabat. Three species of hard ticks were identified, namely Hyalomma anatolicum, Boophilus annulatus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. H. anatolicum was diagnosed by the following characteristics: half circular capitulum; chilecera consist of 3 long pieces, bifurcated first coxa, breathing plate is comma shape, festoon is present with the presence of 2 sub anal plates project out of the body. In R. sanguineus, the capitulum is six angled with short mouth parts. The first coxa was bifurcated with presence of festoon. Breathing plate was comma shape. In B. annulatus the capitulim was six angled with short mouth parts. The first coxa was triangular in shape with short legs and absence of festoon while the breathing plate was oval or rounded in shape.

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Babesia is one of hemoprotozoan parasite transmitted by arthropod vectors which responsible for causing of Babesiosis disease in bovine worldwide. The present study was designed for microscopic identification, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia species in buffalo from slaughter house in Al-Najaf city of Iraq. The study performed in three months of summer season (August into September 2017) and animals ages and sex were included in this study. The direct microscopic prevalence results were show highest prevalence of haemoprotozoa prevalence at Babesia sp. 45.74%. The prevalence of Babesia sp. related to animal sex, were show in male 43.48% and female was 52%, with non-significant differences. The Prevalence of Babesia sp. related to age were show 12.50%, 92.86% and 30% in young, adult and old age respectively with significant differences (P<0.05). The prevalence of Babesia sp. related to month of study were show. 28.57%, 62.50% and 42.86 in August, September and October respectively and with non-significant differences. Molecular study results were based on PCR and DNA sequencing method by phylogenetic tree analysis (MEGA 6.0) and NCBI-BLAST Homology Sequence Identity to differentiation Babesia species typing. The Babesia species prevalence results were show identified two Babesia species, high prevalence of Babesia bovis (38.30%) were closed related to NCBI-Blast Babesia bovis (HQ264126.1) with homology sequence identity 97-100% and Babesia bigemina 7.45% were closed related to NCBI-Blast Babesia bigemina (KU206291.1) with homology sequence identity 95-99%, then 43 Babesia species includes (B. bovis and B. bigemina) were submitted into NCBI-Genbank and provided accession numbers (MH503811-MH503853). In conclusion, this study concluded that Phylogenetic tree and homology sequences identity was show accurate in differentiation of Babesia species, and these species can be isolated at from local water buffalo from slaughter house in Al-Najaf city, of Iraq.

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Chediack-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is inherited autosomal recessive disorder affected cattle and other species of animals and caused by LYST gene mutation, and characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, variations of total and differential leukocyte count , different severe infections, dysfunction of platelets and a bleeding tendency.The study included 65 Iraqi water buffaloes of different ages and of both sexes which was divided as 25 black buffaloes served as controls, 25 buffaloes with patches or spotted animals and 15 white water buffaloes. The most important clinical signed showed by the animals are, white, irregular coat, unpigmented skin, hairs, eyes, with loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, long hair than normal with tufts, anemia, photophobia with oculocutaneous depigmentation, and dullness. Animals of both sexes are affected specially those under one year of age. The results indicated a significant increases (p<0.05) of body temperatures, pulse and respiratory rate of diseased buffalo than in controls, However a significant decrease (P<0.05) has been registered in erythrocytes (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and main corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), with no statistical differences was detected in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), whereas the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly increase (P<0.05). The results were also show lymphocytosis, eosinophelia and basophelia with Nutropenia and thrombocytopenia with prolonged bleeding time.Conclusion: It has been to our knowledge that the current study is the first one in this area and the syndrome affected the Iraqi buffaloes and caused a clear clinical and hematological signs.

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We reported 21 infections with Thelazia gulosa, in buffalo, slaughtered at Al-Diwaniya, Najaf and Babyl abattoirs, from john to September 2012.Eyes were examined carefully after uprooted 2 eyes from 328 buffalos for searching about parasite. By gently manipulating, the eyes checking in the conjunctival sacs and corneal surface.6.4% of examined eyes were have eyeworms.Diwania province showed higher infections rate, than Najaf and Babyl 10.22 %, 6.42% and 3% respectively. The worm burden arranged from 1-3 per eye, with mean number 1.8 parasite eye.According to months, September showed highly infections rate compared with June, July and August 18%, 2.38%, 2.22% and 0% respectively.In 12 buffalos we found 1 eye infect with eyeworm, and 9 with 2 eyes.

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This study was carried out in laboratory of dairy factory in department of food science, college of Agriculture, University of Tikrit . The effect of these treatments on the characteristics of yogurt its naturally, chemically and sense evaluation was also observed . It is made from buffalo milk enriched by whey protein concentrates (WPC) and whey protein isolates (WPI) by 4-6% wt/vo to treated and untreated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-cyclodextrin , showed during the period of storage (1,3,6 and 9) days in ambient temperature(8co) This study were include the following : T1 control (yogurt made from fresh buffalo milk) . T2 (Yogurt made from treated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-CD) . T3 (yogurt made from fresh buffalo milk and enriched by whey protein concentrates as 4%) . T4 (yogurt made from treated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-CD and was enriched by whey protein concentrates as 6%) . T5 (yogurt made from treated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-CD and was enriched by whey protein concentrates as 4%) . T6 (yogurt made from treated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-CD and was enriched by whey protein concentrates as 6%) . T7 (yogurt made from treated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-CD and was enriched by whey protein isolates as 4%) . T8 (yogurt made from treated buffalo milk with a ratio 1.5% of β-CD and was enriched by whey protein concentrates as 6%) .The results showed a significantly increase (P≤0.05) in the percentage of total solids, Fat , Protein , Lactose , Ash , Titration acidity , Hydrogen exponent , Acid degree value , Acid value and free fatty acid value in all of the treatments except (T2) was degreased compared with control . The treatment (T4) was scored the highest value in average of all the properties above except the percentage of protein and tyrosine content . The treatment (T6) was scored a significant superiority in the percentage of protein and T2 gave a high score in the property of tyrosine content . Whereas, The T2 scored the lower values in averages of all the properties were mentioned above except the property of tyrosine content but the treatment T8 has given the lower average from the rest of other treatments.

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