تجارة القدس الشريف الخارجية في العهد العثماني دراسة من خلال سجلات محكمة القدس الشرعية

Abstract

Al-Quds Al-Shareef merchants were active in foreign trade in both exporting and importing goods and had business relationships with Ottoman States and European countries. The Mediterranean played a significant role where the water was a way to transport goods to and from Jerusalem through the nearby ports, as Palestinian cities had long coasts, that made ships the most important means to enable Al-Quds to be in contact with the states that overlooked the Mediterranean. Al-Quds exports varied to include exporting soap to Egypt via the port of Gaza, as well as to Italy and Greece. Grain was exported to Egypt, Rhodes and Doberovenk through the port of Jaffa, as well as the exportation of cotton to France and the Turkish city of Izmir, antiques, statues and religious souvenirs were exported, to Istanbul, Italy, Portugal and Spain, through the Palestinian ports which overlooked the Mediterranean countries and this facilitated the transferance of goods and exporting them, which provided a source of financial income. Al-Quds merchants imported what their city needed through the Mediterranean Sea via the ports of Gaza and Jaffa. They imported rice and cloth from Egypt, textiles from Istanbul, Glassware from China, shawls from India, and lead from Europe, especially France, the Netherlands, the majority of which come through the Port of Jaffa . Also Al-Quds benefited from taxes and duties on imported and exported goods through customs and others that had been imposed by in the Ottoman countries on imported goods from any place to any center through the sea, whether the goods were for sale or to be transferred. Taxes were also imposed on the pilgrims and visitors coming from European countries through the Mediterranean, many of the taxes and fees imposed on them in the city during their visit to the holy places with the clarification of methods and amounts collected and the places they spent these funds, in. The study is divided into two sections. Section one handled foreign trade in Al-Quds both import and exporting and the impact of the Mediterranean economical growth the main exported and imported commodities through the Mediterranean, while the second section touched on the most important taxes on goods (imported and exported) and those imposed pilgrims and visitors of Al-Quds Al-Sharif coming from European countries through the ports of Gaza and Jaffa.