Waterpipe Smoking Effect on Clinical Periodontal Parameters, Salivary Flow Rate and Salivary pH in Chronic Periodontitis Patient
Abstract
Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking has become common especially among young people, Waterpipe smoking misconcepted as a safer mean of smoking, so in this study we will highlight the effect of Waterpipe smoking on periodontal and oral health.Materials and method. The selected 100 male subjects of 30-40 years, categorized into 4 groups (each group 25 subject): Waterpipe smoker with healthy periodontium, Waterpipe smoker with chronic periodontitis, Non-smoker with healthy periodontium and Non-smoker with chronic periodontitis. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected. Clinical measurements: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, salivary flow rate and salivary pH were recorded. Results. In the healthy groups: plaque index and salivary pH were higher in smokers than non-smokers but with no significant difference (P>0.05). While gingival index and salivary flow rate were higher in smoker than non-smokers and with significant difference (p<0.05). In the chronic periodontitis groups: plaque index, gingival index and salivary flow rate were higher in the non-smokers than smokers and with significant difference (p<0.05). While salivary pH was higher in the non-smokers than smokers but with no significant difference (P>0.05). Correlation between weekly smoking hours with pH and salivary flow rate, in the smoker healthy groups, showed significant negative correlation, while plaque index showed significant positive correlation at (p<0.05). But in the smokers with chronic periodontitis, only gingival index significantly correlated with weekly smoking hours. Conclusion. Waterpipe smoking has a detrimental effect on the periodontium and overall oral health
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