This study deals with the comparison of the effect of some disinfectants used in Hospitals from local market of Nineveh province from different origins, on some Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria isolated from burns and wounds. These disinfectants includes : Dettol (septol) ,Hepatine , Povidine-iodine , Hand sterilizer all of them from local , Arabic and international origins. Results showed a clear resistance of the studied bacteria , and differences in bacterial sensitivity toward disinfectants depends on its origins and bacterial species .It was clear that the disinfectant (hepatine) was the best disinfectant in inhibiting growth , the danish origin was the best of them then Jordanian origin, the second disinfectant (dettol) of which the Jordanian origin was also the best, then (povidine-iodine) of which the Emirates origin was the best and then (hand sterilizer gel) of France origin was best.

Antiseptic --- Disinfectants --- Hepatine

Background: It has been recommended that all materials returning from the laboratory be disinfected before placement in the patient’s mouth. Various adverse reactions have been reported when using disinfectant solutions with impression materials. Therefore, disinfection of dental cast may be effective in preventing cross infection. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of storage time on the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, and madacide-1 solutions and to test the effect of spray, immersion and incorporation techniques on their activities.Materials and Methods: Stone specimens were prepared in cylindrical blocks, under aseptic conditions, containing the three tested solutions applied by spray, immersion and incorporation methods. These specimens were stored for (1½h, 1 day, 3days, 7days, and 10days) and then tested by using disk-diffusion plate method to estimate the release of disinfectant solutions against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Candida albicans. The zones of inhibition were measured with a ruler (in mm) after incubation, which was for 24h at 37°C aerobically.Results: The results showed that all microorganisms were sensitive to chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite while E.coli and P. aeruginosa were resistant to madacide. Also it was shown that chlorhexidine was more effective than madacide and sodium hypochlorite as a long acting disinfectant while sodium hypochlorite was the most effective as a short acting one.Conclusion: Immersion method had more inhibitory effect than the other methods representing (60 %) of all the tested specimens followed by incorporation method (25%) and the least percentage for spray method (15%).

Disinfectants --- dental stone --- storage time

Swabs from two hospitals at Baghdad city were collected from the period 28-October-2013 to 31-March-2014, to found out the prevalence and distribution of fungi. These isolates were collected from hospitals' environment and most of the items used for hospital work in order to detect the nosocomial pathogens persistent. All fungal isolates were identified depending on the morphological and microscopic examinations as well as biochemical tests. Out of 220 environmental samples, 146 fungal isolates was obtained, Aspergillus flavus was more frequency and occurrence 23.29% and 15.45% respectively, followed Aspergillus niger was 15.57% and 10.45% then Penecillium spp. was 13.27% and 8.64%. In Al -Yarmouk Teaching Hospital more places contamination was burns 75%, followed dialysis 72.72% then RCU units 69.23%, while more places contamination in Imam Ali General Hospital was wards 70%, followed burns and Kitchen 58.33% then operation hall 57.14%. Determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for five types of disinfectants which are used in hospitals, the MIC values of disinfectants against fungal isolate were Chlorhexidin 7.5%, Chloroxylenol 1.25%, Formaldehyde 1.25%, Povidine iodine 10% and Sodium hypochlorite 7.5%. Chloroxylenol had significantly the most effective compound on fungi, followed formaldehyde then Sodium hipochlorite. This study found that hospitals contain different fungal species and genus, antiseptics and disinfectants have an effect on the fungus if it used correctly and permanent change in the use of antiseptics and disinfectants to avoid resistance of fungi.

تم جمع عزلات فطرية بطريقة اخذ المسحات من مستشفيين في مدينة بغداد للفترة من 28-10-2013 الى 31-3-2014 للتعرف على مدى تلوثها وانتشار وتوزيع الفطريات فيها. تم اخذ العينات البيئية من اماكن مختلفة في المستشفى شملت معظم الوحدات والاجهزة الطبية, للكشف عن تواجد الفطريات التي تسبب عدوى المستشفيات. تم تشخيص الفطريات اعتمادا على المظهر الخارجي والفحص المجهري والاختبارات البايوكيميائية. تم الحصول على 146 عزلة فطرية مختلفة من 220 مسحة المجموع الكلي للعينات البيئية الماخوذة, كان Aspergillus flavus الاكثر ظهورا وترددا بنسبة 23.29% و 15.45% على التوالي, تليها Aspergillus niger بنسبة 15.57% و 10.45% ثم Penecillium spp. بنسبة 13.27% و 8.64%. في مستشفى اليرموك التعليمي كان اكثر الاماكن تلوثا هي وحدة الحروق 75% تليها وحدة غسيل الكلى 72.72% ثم وحدة الانعاش 69.23%, اما في مستشفى الامام علي العام فان الاكثر تلوثا كانت ردهات رقود المرضى 70%, تليها وحدة الحروق والمطبخ 58.33% ثم صالة العمليات 57.14%. كانت قيم التركيز المثبط الادنى Chlorhexidin 7.5% و Chloroxylenol 1.25% و Formaldehyde 1.25% و Povidine iodine 10% و Sodium hypochlorite 7.5%. وجدت هذه الدراسة ان المستشفيات تحتوي على انواع واجناس فطرية مختلفة, وان المطهرات لها تاثيرا على الفطريات فيما لو استخدمت بشكل صحيح, ويجب التغيير المستمر في نوعية المطهرات المستخدمة لتجنب مقاومة الفطريات لهذه المطهرات.

Nosocomial infections --- Disinfectants --- Environmental swabs

background: There is paucity of data on bacterial profiles and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in burns care units in Kerbala, Iraq we sought to undertake this study.Aim of the study: is to have an insight into the bacteriological profile of buns wound infections and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the organisms isolated to antibiotics and disinfectants.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted prospectively at the Burns Care Unit (BCU) in Al-Hussein Medical City, Holy Kerbala Province, Iraq. Wound swabs were obtained from consecutive 57 burns patients treated in BCU for the period from November 2012 to March 2013. Microbial isolates were identified based on standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, whereas efficacy of 5 most commonly used disinfectant was evaluated by agar-diffusion method.Results and Discussion: A total of 76 isolates were recovered. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the most common isolate (53.94%), followed by E.cloacae (25%), E.coli (11.84%), K.Pneumoniae (3.94%), S.aureus (3.94%), A. baumannii (1.31%). Majority of the bacterial isolates were multiple-drug resistant. Generally, Imipenem was the most effective antimicrobial agents. The best disinfectant was Sekusept Forte® whereas the least effective disinfectants were Povidone-Iodine and Chloroxylenol®.Conclusions: Pseudomonas was the predominant cause of burns infections and majority of isolates were multiple-drug resistant. These indicate the need for strict hygienic measurement to protect the burns patients from opportunistic pathogens.

Burns --- infection --- antibiotic susceptibility testing --- disinfectants --- pseudomonas

The aim of this study was to measure the effect of different immersion period up to (7) days of acrylic denture base materials (heat cure acrylic Vertex and QD, and cold cure acrylic Miky-red and QD) in three types of disinfectant solutions (0.525% Sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% Chlorhexidine and 2% acidic Glutaraldehyde) on the Surface roughness.One hundred eighty acrylic plates were prepared from a base plate wax of (20mm × 10mm×2.5 ± 0.03mm) dimension using a conventional denture processing technique. From each type of acrylic denture base materials, (45) acrylic plates were prepared, which where intern divided into three groups: (15) unpolished (inner-side) Surface, (15) polished by conventional technique and (15) polished by a modificated polished technique.The surface roughness was measured by a prethometer.The results, revealed that there was a significant difference at (1%) level between the materials used, solution used, types of polishing technique and the time of immersion. The cold cure acrylic denture base material type (Miky-fed) showed the highest degree of the surface roughness, Photomicrograph microscopical study of the acrylic beads (mer-unit) showed the effect of the size of the beads on the surface roughness.It was concluded that the modificated polishing technique produces a Smoother surface for the acrylic denture base materials, the solutions and duration of immersion up to seven days showed a statistical significant difference but practically they can be used for denture disinfecting.

Disinfectants --- denture base materials --- surface topography