ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Obesity currently affects nearly one-third of the population in the industrialized world.Traditionally, anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) or waist circumferencehave been used to quantify overall adiposity; however, regional fat depots may be of greaterimportance than overall adiposity. Several studies have highlighted pericardial fat and abdominalvisceral adipose tissue (VAT)as unique, pathogenic fat depot. OBJECTIVE:Recognize the relation of obesity to increase epicardial fat pad thickness in Iraqi patients. METHODS:Epicardial fat thickness was measured in 62 consecutive subjects (28 women 45%, 34 men 55%)mean age of 47.77 years (SD 8.03),using routine transthoracic echocardiogram. Epicardial fat wasidentified as the echo-free space between the outer wall of the myocardium and the visceral layerof the pericardium, and its thickness was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the rightventricle at end-systole. RESULTS:The results show progressive increase of epicardial fat with increasing BMI which was verysignificant statistically. High mean epicardial fat is significantly associate with increasing waistcircumference. No difference in those below and above 45 years of age in mean epicardial fat andthere is gender difference in epicardial fat, where males had more epicardial fat than females. CONCLUSION:There is increase in the epicardial fat pad thickness in overweight and obese (BMI≥25) patients ifcompared to normal persons epicardial fat increase with increasing waist circumference morelikely in male obese and independent of age

: epicardial fat --- obese --- echocadiography

We presented here a 65years old lady with an unusual presentation of a large epigastric hernia of twenty years duration .The swelling was occupying all the right hypochondrial region .The diagnosis was made on r^E^a-operative identification of the defect in the linea alba which wassutured after removal of the hernial sac and its contents .The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient remained with no complications or recurrence for more than two years follow up.

epigastric hernia --- linea alba --- extraperitonial fat.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent of the effect of lactation on biochemical compounds in breast milk in Najaf governorate. Two hundred forty samples of breast milk were collected from healthy mothers aged 18-30 years. Milk samples were collected from (3-11) month of Breast-feeding. In Najaf city, 44 mothers were selected as volunteers to obtain fixed samples per month for analysis. moisture, ash, protein, lactose and fat were measured. The results indicate that there was an effect on the period of breast-feeding at the level of probability (p<0.05%) for fat, protein, lactose and moisture in breast milk. Lactose content increased but protein and fat decreased, while ash continued the same during the study period.

Breast-feeding. Breast Milk. Lactose. Protein. Fat

Due to the tendency of the consumer to use low-energy dairy products, the present study was designed to manufacture cheddar cheese from milk sort by using Inulin as an alternative to fat. Three concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 g/ kg were added, These were A1, A2 and A3, respectively, Positive C +, which makes cheese from whole-fat milk and C-negative control treatment, from which milk is made from milk sort. Physico-chemical tests were conducted for moisture, protein, fat, sugars, total solids, total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen and pH, As well as the sensory evaluation of the product immediately after manufactureing and during the storage period at a temperature of (7 ± 1) m for 3 months. the results proved that the coefficients of lipid-free cheese were characterized by high moisture content compared to the treatment of positive control (during the storage period there was a slight decrease in the moisture values for all the treatments) As for fat, it was observed a significant decrease in all milk-processed treatments compared with the positive control, while the percentage of fat increased in all the treatments during the storage period. Also The results showed an increase in sugar ratio in all the treatments added to the Inulin compared to the positive and negative control. The ratios of protein and non-protein nitrogen and pH values were close to all treatments. The results showed that the increase in the percentage of added inulin, especially 5%, improved the sensory characteristics of the lipid-free cheese, and a small amount of energy compared to C + treatment

نظراً لميل المستهلك إلى منتجات الألبان منخفضة الطاقة أجريت الدراسة الحالية وهدفها تصنيع جبن تشدر من حليب فرز باستخدام الانيولين كبديل عن الدهن إذ أضيف ثلاث تراكيز منه هي 1 و3 و5% غرام لكل كيلو غرام وتمثلت بالمعاملات A1وA2 وA3 على التوالي إضافة إلى معاملة السيطرة الموجبة C+ التي صنع منها الجبن من حليب كامل الدسم ومعاملة السيطرة السالبةC- التي صنع منها الجبن من حليب فرز وأجريت الاختبارات الفيزيوكيمائية المتمثلة بالرطوبة والبروتين والدهون والسكريات والمواد الصلبة الكلية والنتروجين الكلي والنتروجين غير البروتيني وpH، وكذلك التقويم الحسي على المنتج بعد التصنيع مباشرةً وأثناء مدة الخزن على درجة حرارة (7 ± 1)مْ مدة 3 اشهر أثبتت النتائج ان معاملات جبن التشدر الخالية من الدهن امتازت بارتفاع محتواها الرطوبي مقارنة مع معاملة السيطرة الموجبة أما أثناء مدة الخزن حصل انخفاض بسيط في قيم الرطوبة لجميع المعاملات وكانت نسبة الدهن قد انخفضت بشكل كبير في جميع المعاملات المصنعة من الحليب الفرز مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة الموجبة في حين ازدادت نسبة الدهن في جميع المعاملات أثناء مدة الخزن كما بينت النتائج ارتفاعاً في نسبة السكريات في جميع المعاملات التي أضيف إليها الانيولين مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة الموجبة والسالبة وكانت نسب البروتين والنتروجين غير البروتيني وقيم pH متقاربة لجميع المعاملات وأثبتت النتائج ان زيادة نسبة الانيولين المضاف وبالأخص نسبة 5% غرام لكل كيلوغرام قد حسنت الخصائص الحسية لجبن التشدر الخالي من الدهن حيث حصلت على اعلى درجات التقويم الحسي وعلى كمية طاقة قليلة مقارنة مع معاملة C+

Non fat Cheddar --- Inulin --- Fat replacer --- التشدر منخفض الطاقة --- الانيولين --- الصفات الفيزيوكيميائية، الصفات الحسية

Gypcrete with a thickness between (4 - 8) meters occur at the upper part of Fat`ha Formation at Mahalabia area, northwest of Iraq. The gypcrete consists of several zones which are lacking stratification. It has been divided on the basis of textures and characteristic structures into three types. These are from bottom to top: subsurface crust, followed by friable gypcrete and the hard surface gypcrete. This last crust is exposed at the surface and consists of gypsum polygons of different shapes and sizes and are characteristic of this zone. The three zones were formed by different diagenetic processes caused by groundwaters and the alternation of dry and wet periods. Calcrete as well as gypcrete also formed due to these processes. The calcrete exhibits alpha fabrics which often reveal the influence of physico-chemical processes and calcite pseudomorph after gypsum. All these features indicate that the calcrete is associated with gypsum crust, probably during the early stages of diagenesis through pedogenesis. The source of gypsum and carbonates of these crusts were most likely the bed rocks of Fat`ha Formation. The majority of gypsum crystals were formed insitu, mainly from groundwaters by displasive growth within the host sediment.

توجد قشرة الجبسوم بسمك(4- 8 م) في الجزء العلوي من تكوين فتحة في منطقة المحلبية والتي تبعـد حوالي (40كم) غرب مدينة الموصل. تـتألف هـذه القشرة من عدة انطقـة تفـتقد الى ظاهرة الـتطبق. تم تقسيـمها اعتماداً على الأنسجة والتراكيب التي تتصف بها الـى ثلاثـة
انـواع، اشتـملت على قـشرة تحت سطحية متعاقبـة مع قـشرة الجبسـوم الهشة، وقـشرة
الجبسوم السطحيـة الصلـدة التي تظهر على السطح بهيئة مضلعات مختلفة الأشكال والأحجام المميزة لهذا النطاق.
تكونت هذه الانطقة نتيجة العمليات التحويرية المختلفة بفعل المياه الجوفية وتعاقب فترات الجفاف والرطوبة كما أدت هذه العمليات الى نشوء بقايا القشرة الكلسية (Calcrete) والتي ترافقت مع نشوء قشرة الجبسوم. تتميز القشرة الكلسية بوجود نسيج الفا (Alpha fabric) والذي ينشأ بفعل العوامل الفيزيوكيميائية وبوجود بلورات الكالسايت التي تأخذ شكل الجبسوم (Pseudomorphic calcite after gypsum ) والتي من المحتمل نشوئها ( القشرة الكلسية ) في المراحل التحويرية المبكرة أما نتيجة الإحلال أو الإزاحة خلال عمليات تكوين التربة ( Pedogenesis).

Gypcrete --- Fat`ha --- Mahalabia --- Iraq --- قشرة الجبسوم ، فتحة ، المحلبية، العراق