ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND:Substance dependence frequently co-occurs with psychiatric morbidities. Among substances, nicotine found to be the commonest substance of abuse among schizophrenic patients.OBJECTIVE:To assess the association of nicotine dependence with Schizophrenia.METHOD:112 schizophrenic patients and 374 non-schizophrenic patients were invited to answer a standard clinical/demographic questionnaire and a questionnaire on nicotine dependence (modified Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ)).RESULTS:The rate of nicotine dependence was significantly higher among schizophrenic patients (44.64%) than non-schizophrenic patients (23.52%) (P < 0.000). Male smokers outnumbered female smoker (P < 0.000) in both groups. Male gender was a significant predictor for smoking among both groups of patients (OR = 55.878; P = 0.000 for schizophrenic patients; OR = 9.489; P = 0.000 for non-schizophrenic patients). Increase in age was significant predictor for nicotine smoking in general (OR = 1.032; P = 0.001), and among the schizophrenic group (OR = 1.116; P = 0.000), whereas, it was not a significant predictor for nicotine smoking among non-schizophrenic patients (OR = 1.014; P = 0.185). Whole sample patients start nicotine smoking before their psychiatric disorders onset (3.3 and 7.7 years earlier respectively) (P = 0.01). Both groups were highly nicotine dependents (mean mFTQ = 9.92 for schizophrenic patients; mean mFTQ = 8.54 for non-schizophrenic patients) (P = 0.02).CONCLUSION:The rate and severity of nicotine dependence were higher among patients with schizophrenia than non-schizophrenic patients. Gender and age were significant predictors for nicotine smoking in whole psychiatric patients. Both groups started their smoking habit before their psychiatric morbidity onsets.

schizophrenia --- nicotine --- dependence

In this study it was found that a significant decrease in the level of leptin in young Iraqi smokers (16+ 0.7ng/mL) compared to non smokers(24.2+ 4.5ng/mL) while, B2 microglobulin and CRPwas significantly increased in the smokers (1.2 + 0.3µg/mL), (4.07+ 0.02mg/L) respectively, compared to non smokers (0.6 + 0.9µg/mL) ,( 2.88+ 0.002mg/L) respectively, the presented data indicates the effect of smoking on these immunological markers.

في هذه الدراسة وجد ان انخفاض معدل leptin انخفاضا معنويا بين المدخنين العراقين الشباب ( 16+ 0.7ng/mL ) مقارنة بغير المدخنين ( 24.2 + 4.5 ng / mL)، ينما ارتفع بفارق معنوى كل من مستوى البروتين B2 وال CRP بين المدخنين,( 4.07+0.02 mg/L) , ( 1.2 + 0.3µg/mL) على التوالي مقارنة بغير المدخنين (0.6 + 0.9µg/mL) ، ( 2.88+ 0.002mg/L) على التوالي، مما يؤكد تأثير التدخين على مستوى بعض المؤشرات المناعية.

leptin --- CRP --- B2 microblobulin --- nicotine effects

Background: Nicotine is the foremost chemical constituent responsible for addiction in tobacco products, in the non-ionized condition can be easily absorbed via epithelial tissue of the lung, the mouth, the nose and across the skinObjective:The study examines the harmful effect of the nicotine which is an important component of cigarette in vitro.Type of the study: Cross-sectional study.Methods: Examines the harmful effect of the nicotine which is an important component of cigarette in vitro by using two types of lung cancer cell lines (H460 TP53+/+, H441 TP53-/-).Results: The results showed the total count of H460( TP53+/+) cancer lung cell lines was (5.2 ×106 cells /ml) , the number (4.9 ×106 cells /ml) of them were alive and (3.6×105 cells /ml) of them were dead, with percentage of viability (93.15%), while the total count of H441( TP53-/-) lung cancer cells was (5.1 ×106 cells /ml), the number (4.1 ×106 cells /ml) of them were alive, and the number (9.9×105 cells /ml) of them were dead with percentage of viability (80.55%). And it revealed that the nicotine inhibited viability of H460 lung cancer cell lines in all concentrations (1, 10, 500 and 1000 μ M) and the cells were completely abolished by treatment with (1000 μ M) when the viability reached to minimum percentage (3.43%), while nicotine induced proliferation in H441 lung cancer cell lines even in lowest concentration (1 μ M), whereas the viability reached to maximum percentage (41.04%) at concentration (1000 μ M). Also it noticed that the treatment with nicotine at concentrations (1,10, 500 and 1000 μ M ) for 24 and 48 hr induced the apoptosis but not necrosis in H460 lung cancer cell lines, especially at the highest concentrations (1000 μ M) for 48hr when the percentage of apoptosis reached to the maximum value (55.5%), however it was induced proliferation in H441 lung cancer cell lines with highest proliferation at concentration (1000 μ M), when the percentage apoptosis value reached to the minimum percentage (1.5%) when compared to un treated cells (control). Conclusions: the cells lack to TP53(H441 TP53-/-) will proliferate when exposed to nicotine and some of these cells will suffer from necrosis as a replacement of apoptosis.

Keywords: Nicotine --- H460 TP53+/+ --- H441 TP53-/- --- Viability --- Apoptosis --- Necrosis .

The present study aimed to show the role of variable concentrations of tobacco water extract (10،50،100،150) in initiation, growth and regeneration of leaves callus of lettuce (lactuca sativa L) plant by using MS 1.0mg/L of BA and NAA. The best medium was (MS + 1.0 mg/L BA and NAA +50mg/ml of tobacco extract), in which the fresh weight of callus reached 2.150 mg after 35 days of culture and with regeneration rate reached 63%. Also the result referred that nucleic acid (DNA, RNA), proteins and carbohydrate were greatly affected by tobacco water extracts and it varied with extract concentrations. As to carbohydrate content was varied with the increase or decrease in protein and nucleic acid content. The Detection and isolation of Alkaloid nicotine from the alcoholic extraction of lettuce were analyzed by (IR) where exhibited activity nicotine as bands.

تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى بيان دور المستخلصات المائية لنبات التبغ في استحداث ونمو وتمايز كالس أوراق نبات الخس .Lactuca sativa L باستخدام وسط MS الحاوي على تراكيز متباينة من المستخلص المائي للتبغ (150، 100، 50، 10) ملغم/مل لوحدها أو مضافا إليه 1.0 ملغم /لترمن كل من NAA و BA او كلا على حدة. أظهرت النتائج قابلية القطع النباتية لأوراق الخس في استحداث ونمو الكالس عند إضافة تراكيز متباينة من مستخلص نبات التبغ إلى وسط MS الحاوي على 1.0 ملغم /لتر من BA وNAA أو لوحدهما. وكان أفضل الأوساط اعتمادﴽ على الوزن الطري للكالس ونسبة تمايز الكالس إلى أفرع خضرية هو وسط MS الحاوي على BAوNAA 1.0 ملغم /لتر لكل منهما مضافا إليه 50 ملغم /مل من مستخلص التبغ إذ بلغ وزنه الطري (2.150)غم بعد 35 يوم ونسبة التمايز 63%. في حين لم يحصل أي تمايز للكالس في الأوساط الخالية من المستخلص النباتي للتبغ. كما وجد ان محتوى الكالس من البروتين والأحماض النووية والكاربوهيدرات تباين بوجود التراكيز المتباينة من المستخلص المائي للتبغ وقد تأثرت بدرجة كبيرة بهذه المستخلصات المضافة إلى الوسط الغذائي ووجد إن زيادة الوزن الطري للكالس يرافقه زيادة في المحتويات الخلوية(DNA, RNA) والبروتين والكاربوهيدرات في حين أن كمية الكاربوهيدرات تباينت كميتها تبعا للزيادة او النقصان في محتوى الكالس من البروتين والأحماض النووية. كما تم أيضا تشخيص وعزل قلويد النيكوتين من المستخلصات الكحولية الخام لكالس أوراق نبات الخس النامية في وسط حاوي على مستخلص نبات التبغ باستخدام تقنية مطياف الأشعة تحت الحمراء(IR). إذ ظهرت المجاميع الفعالة للنيكوتين بشكل حزم.

Tissue culture --- callus --- tobacco extract --- nicotine isolation --- زراعة الأنسجة، كالس، مستخلص التبغ، عزل النيكوتين