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In this paper, we develop an analytical energyefficiency model using dual switched branch diversity receiver inwireless sensor networks in fading environments. To adaptenergy efficiency of sensor node to channel variations, theoptimal packet length at the data link layer is considered.Within this model, the energy efficiency can be effectivelyimproved for switch-and-stay combiner (SSC) receiver withoptimal switching threshold. Moreover, to improve energyefficiency, we use error control of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hochquengh(BCH) coding for SSC-BPSK receiver node compared to one ofnon-diversity NCFSK receiver of sensor node. The results showthat the BCH code for channel coding can improve the energyefficiency significantly for long link distance and various valuesof high energy consumptions over Rayleigh fading channel

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Abstract – IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard designed for low data rate, low powerwireless personal area networks (WPANs) intended to provide interconnection of nodesvia radio communication. Such nodes have very limited computation, energy, andcommunication capabilities. In order to extend the lifetime of the nodes, we propose afuzzy logic controller to adapt a duty cycle of each node by changing superframe order(SO) based upon the network traffic and node's buffer occupation. Simulating theproposed algorithm in Castalia simulator and comparing it with constant duty cycleschemes are carried out in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposedalgorithm decreases drop packets in node's buffer, decreases packet latency andincreases energy efficiency.

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Although Iraq is an oil country, but it’s have very large sources of renewable energy. This study was discussed the results of the wind energy and exergy for six regions in Iraq at three different turbine heights. The highest exergy efficiency was in Basrah then Anbar, Tikrit, Najaf, Baghdad, and smallest in Mosul. The exergy efficiency was increase by 60 % at height 50 m, while it’s increasing by 70 % at height 100 m. The highest exergy destruction was in Mosul, Najaf, Tikrit, Baghdad, and smallest in Anbar and Basra. The exergy destruction decreasing by 33 % at height 50 m, while its decreasing by 68 % at height 100 m. The high energy efficiency was in Basra, then Anbar, Tikrit, Najaf, Baghdad, and the smallest in Mosul, the energy efficiency of a turbine increase by 52 % at height 50 m, while it’s increasing by 66 % at height 100 m. And the highest output useful energy was in Basra, then Anbar, Tikrit, Baghdad, Najaf, and it’s very small in Mosul, it is found that the output energy from turbine increase by 85 % at height 50 m, while its increase by 94 % at height 100 m

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Densely deployment of sensors is generally employed in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to ensure energy-efficient covering of a target area. Many sensors scheduling techniques have been recently proposed for designing such energy-efficient WSNs. Sensors scheduling has been modeled, in the literature, as a generalization of minimum set covering problem (MSCP) problem. MSCP is a well-known NP-hard optimization problem used to model a large range of problems arising from scheduling, manufacturing, service planning, information retrieval, etc. In this paper, the MSCP is modeled to design an energy-efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that can reliably cover a target area. Unlike other attempts in the literature, which consider only a simple disk sensing model, this paper addresses the problem of scheduling the minimum number of sensors (i.e., finding the minimum set cover) while considering a more realistic sensing model to handle uncertainty into the sensors' target-coverage reliability. The paper investigates the development of a genetic algorithm (GA) whose main ingredient is to maintain scheduling of a minimum number of sensors and thus to support energy-efficient WSNs. With the aid of the remaining unassigned sensors, the reliability of the generated set cover provided by the GA, can further be enhanced by a post-heuristic step. Performance evaluations on solution quality in terms of both sensor cost and coverage reliability are measured through extensive simulations, showing the impact of number of targets, sensor density and sensing radius.

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Energy efficiency is a significant aspect in designing robust routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A reliable routing protocol has to be energy efficient and adaptive to the network size. To achieve high energy conservation and data aggregation, there are two major techniques, clusters and chains. In clustering technique, sensor networks are often divided into non-overlapping subsets called clusters. In chain technique, sensor nodes will be connected with the closest two neighbors, starting with the farthest node from the base station till the closest node to the base station. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages which motivate some researchers to come up with a hybrid routing algorithm that combines the full advantages of both cluster and chain techniques such as CCM (Chain-Cluster based Mixed routing). In this paper, introduce a routing algorithm relying on CCM algorithm called (Enhanced Chain-Cluster based Mixed routing) algorithm E-CCM. Simulation results show that E-CCM algorithm improves the performance of CCM algorithm in terms of three performance metrics which are: energy consumption, network lifetime, and (FND and LND). MATLAB program is used to develop and test the simulation process in a computer with the following specifications: windows 7 (32-operating system), core i5, RAM 4 GB, hard 512 GB.

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Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has been promised for fifth generation (5G) cellular wireless network that can serve multiple users at same radio resources time, frequency, and code domains with different power levels. In this paper, we present a new simulation compression between a random location of multiple users for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) that depend on Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) and generalized the suggested joint user pairing for NOMA and beyond cellular networks. Cell throughput and Energy Efficiency (EE) are gained are developed for all active NOMA user in suggested model. Simulation results clarify the cell throughput for NOMA gained 7 Mpbs over OMA system in two different scenarios deployed users (3 and 4). We gain an attains Energy Efficiency (EE) among the weak power users and the stronger power users.

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Energy use is second to staffing in building operating costs. Sustainable technology in the energy sector is based on utilizing renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, glazing systems, insulation. Other areas of focus include heating, ventilation and air conditioning; novel materials and construction methods; improved sensors and monitoring systems; and advanced simulation tools that can help building designers make more energy efficient choices. The objective of this research is studying the effect of insulations on energy consumption of buildings in Iraq and identifying the amount of energy savings from application the insulations in buildings. HAP (Hourly Analysis Program) is used to calculate the thermal loads and the amount of energy needed. It is concluded that the use of the thermal insulation in the roof, walls, floors, and double glazing system for windows in building effectively reduces the energy required for air conditioning.

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In this paper, we have investigated some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols for wireless body area networks. This technology has seen advancements in recent times where wireless sensors are injected in the human body to sense and measure body parameters like temperature, heartbeat and glucose level. These tiny wireless sensors gather body data information and send it over a wireless network to the base station. The data measurements are examined by the doctor or physician and the suitable cure is suggested. The whole communication is done through routing protocols in a network environment. Routing protocol consumes energy while helping non-stop communication in a wireless environment. Because of the very tiny size, energy consumption matters a lot. We have focused on the protocols, which provide energy efficiency and improve network lifetime, through put and minimal path loss. We will be discussing some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols in this paper; later their comparison with an appropriate table is presented. In addition, recent challenges, possible application and perspectives are discussed.

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Field experiment was conducted to study the effect three levels of tilt angles (15°, 20° and 25°) two levels of depth (10 and 20) cm and three speeds (3.6,4.9 and 6.8) km/h according to design RCBD method of split-split block design and their effect on ; drawbar power(kw) , slippage percentage (%), fuel consumption(L/ha), specific energy area(MJ/ha), specific energy volume (KN/m3) and specific energy efficiency. Results showed that all the studied characteristics were increased by increasing tilt angle. Different levels of depths and speeds had significant effects in all the studied characteristics, The increased of plowing depths from (10cm) to (20cm) was increased in all studied characteristics exceptionality specific energy volume. Drawbar power, slippage percentage and specific energy efficiency increased by increasing speeds, While the fuel consumption, specific energy area and specific energy volume were decreased by increasing forward speed. It was found that all interactions between (tilt angles, plowing depths and forward speed) had significant effects in all the studied characteristics.

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The growing demand to energy impacted negatively on environment as result of burning fossil fuel, and because buildings are main energy consumer, studies have been called towards creating efficient buildings, In which digital simulation technology, presented with designer to select efficient design solutions, which is uneasy task, due to the large number of models to be evaluated by simulation, consuming time and effort, due to large number of design variables interacting and conflicting in influence. Limiting the effectiveness of (traditional computer simulation approach). And Emersion (genetic algorithm approach) as an effective alternative to assess and optimize design, by automated steps for exchanging design variables between efficient models and produce more efficient new models, away similar to genetic evolution of organisms. But, lake of what and how to adopting this approach limited its use in local architectural researches and practices, Highlighting a problem: "Lack of cognitive clarity about the genetic algorithms approach in creating high-efficiency domestic compared to traditional approach”, aiming to “determining the nature of the genetic algorithm approach and its application to create accurate and high efficiency domestic designs in less time and effort comparing to the traditional approach”. Research methodology was reviewing genetic algorithm mechanism in solving design problems, making a comparison between traditional simulation approach and genetic algorithm approach on virtual model within local environment, determining the most efficient approach which balances characteristics (windows to wall ratio) and (perfect orientation) to provide the highest rates of natural lighting with minimum solar thermal gain, as well as the time it takes to complete the work according to each of the two approaches. Reaching a number of conclusions about effectiveness to adopt genetic algorithm approach in terms of time reduction and results accuracy compared to the traditional approach.

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